There are two equations needed to calculate the volume that enters the lungs and the volume that reaches the alveoli.

Ventilation is the manner by which air enters the lungs. One can see an increase in the value of physiologic dead space in lung disease states where the diffusion membrane of alveoli does not function properly or when there are ventilation/perfusion mismatch defects.

Therefore, physiologic dead space is equivalent to anatomical. In a healthy adult, alveolar dead space can be considered negligible. The respiratory zone is comprised of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveoli.

Physiologic or total dead space is equal to anatomic plus alveolar dead space which is the volume of air in the respiratory zone that does not take part in gas exchange. This volume is considered to be 30% of normal tidal volume (500 mL) therefore, the value of anatomic dead space is 150 mL. Anatomical dead space is represented by the volume of air that fills the conducting zone of respiration made up by the nose, trachea, and bronchi. The two types of dead space are anatomical dead space and physiologic dead space. Dead space represents the volume of ventilated air that does not participate in gas exchange.

Respiratory anatomical dead space